A Survey of Bacterial Pathogens Detected in Feces and Wool in Small Ruminants (Pilot Study)
María Gallardo,
Lucía Azócar-Aedo,
Luis Arias-Darraz,
Giorgio Castellar,
Miguel Salgado,
Juan Cárcamo
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 4, July 2019
Pages:
94-98
Received:
15 April 2019
Accepted:
24 May 2019
Published:
5 August 2019
Abstract: Sheep feces can carry a high concentration of pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria, which potentially may contaminate wool as well as the shearers or wool manipulators through direct contact. A pilot study was carried out to determine the presence of bacterial DNA in feces and the degree of bacterial contamination in wool in two species of ruminants. Fourteen 2-month old lambs and 14 kids (7 male and 7 female), uncastrated, no twins, with their mothers, were randomly selected at weaning from a free flock grazing on naturalized pasture of Los Ríos region, Chile. Fecal and wool samples were taken once and analyzed for genomic DNA of Salmonella typhimurium containing the virulence plasmid spv, Eschrichia coli serotype O157, Clostridium perfringens type C containing α toxin and Mycobacterium avium sp paratuberculosis containing the IS900 insertion element. The results showed that lamb and kids feces had higher contents of bacterial DNA for E. coli O157 and SalmT than lamb wool, although only one lamb showed these two bacteria on its wool. The bacterial species influenced the DNA expression for 16S in both, feces (P=0.05) and wool (P=0.0006) and for E. coli O157 and SalmT only in feces (P<0.0001). The sex was associated with E. coli detection in lambs feces (P<0.0007) and in kids feces (P<0.05). The values obtained for MAP IS900 and Cpa DNA contents, considering both species and sex, were undetectable. In conclusion, lamb and kids feces should potentially contaminate wool especially by Eschrichia coli O157 and Salmonella typhimurium, representing a potential health risk and public health concern, especially for shearers and wool handlers.
Abstract: Sheep feces can carry a high concentration of pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria, which potentially may contaminate wool as well as the shearers or wool manipulators through direct contact. A pilot study was carried out to determine the presence of bacterial DNA in feces and the degree of bacterial contamination in wool in two species of rumina...
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Improvement of the Maximum Avoidance of Inbreeding by the Use of Cell Manipulation Technique in Gametogenesis
Takeshi Honda,
Kenji Oyama
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 4, July 2019
Pages:
99-103
Received:
24 July 2019
Accepted:
13 August 2019
Published:
26 August 2019
Abstract: Reduction of genetic drift for preservation of genetic variability is one of the primary concerns for maintenance of endangered species in captivity. For this purpose, a number of selection schemes to equalize parental contributions to the next generation have been widely accepted as a simple guideline, but genetic drift due to random segregation of heterozygote parents, so-called Mendelian sampling, has remained unavoidable. In the past, the use of cell manipulation techniques developed in a field of mammal reproductive technology has been suggested to restrict this genetic drift. However, its potential benefit has been examined only for a randomly mating population of equal sex ratio. In this study, we assumed the situation where the cell manipulation technique is applied to the population under the mating system of maximum avoidance of inbreeding (MAI), and examined its effect on the progress of inbreeding by developing a recurrence equation of panmictic indices of the population. Inbreeding coefficient was substantially suppressed at the locus site where the mean number of crossovers between the site and centromere (m) was small. Although inbreeding coefficient inflated as m increased, its effect diminished as m increased. These tendencies were observed irrespective of the size of the population.
Abstract: Reduction of genetic drift for preservation of genetic variability is one of the primary concerns for maintenance of endangered species in captivity. For this purpose, a number of selection schemes to equalize parental contributions to the next generation have been widely accepted as a simple guideline, but genetic drift due to random segregation o...
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